Dear ...

I am delighted that you are interest in learn Chinese. It could seem impossible to learn Chinese but it is not! Grammatically Chinese is very easy and there is a lot of logic in the language and the Chinese Characters. In Chinese there is no tenses. Every Chinese word can have only one form. Instead of learning hundred of tenses you learn a few particles to add to words to tell what tens it is. When you have reach this point it is wonderful feeling. Then it is really fun to study Chinese. Now you recognize many characters in new words and can learn more characters a day than before. Actually you can use western letters to write Chinese with. By using a transcribing system called pinyin you write a character as it sound. Learn pinyin is the best way to learn Chinese. I hope that can help you to improve Chinese.

From,

这是第一篇的

Dear...

I am glad to invite you to visit Beijing. Beijing is the capital of the most populous country in the world, the People's Republic of China. It has long history and many famous place. I would like to introduce some of the places. The Great Wall is a must see once you are in Beijing. Just outside Beijing, it is possible to climb a section of the Great Wall and enjoy a splendid panoramic view that you will remember for the rest of your life. There are a lot of interest places that are valuable to visit. Come and have a good time in Beijing.

from

我很高兴邀请您访问北京。北京是首都，世界人口最多的国家 ，人民共和国的中国 。它有悠久的历史和许多著名的地方
。我想向大家介绍了一些地方。长城是一个必须看到
，一旦你在北京 。北京郊外，有可能爬的长城节 ，享受灿烂的美景
，你会你的一生难忘
。有很多有趣是有价值的访问的地方。来北京有一个好时机 。

初一学生暑假英语日记

英文的笔记行吗？

A Concise History of British Literature

Chapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period

I. Introduction

1. The historical background

(1) Before the Germanic invasion

(2) During the Germanic invasion

a. immigration;

b. Christianity;

c. heptarchy.

d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen (lord) – thane - middle class (freemen) - lower class (slave or bondmen: theow);

e. social organization: clan or tribes.

f. military Organization;

g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;

h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;

i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.

2. The Overview of the culture

(1) The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.

(2) Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.

II. Beowulf.

1. A general introduction.

2. The content.

3. The literary features.

(1) the use of alliteration

(2) the use of metaphors and understatements

(3) the mixture of pagan and Christian elements

III. The Old English Prose

1. What is prose?

2. figures

(1) The Venerable Bede

(2) Alfred the Great

Chapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages

I. Introduction

1. The Historical Background.

(1) The year 1066: Norman Conquest.

(2) The social situations soon after the conquest.

A. Norman nobles and serfs;

B. restoration of the church.

(3) The 11th century.

A. the crusade and knights.

B. dominance of French and Latin;

(4) The 12th century.

A. the centralized government;

B. kings and the church (Henry II and Thomas);

(5) The 13th century.

A. The legend of Robin Hood;

B. Magna Carta (1215);

C. the beginning of the Parliament

D. English and Latin: official languages (the end)

(6) The 14th century.

a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;

b. the rise of towns.

c. the change of Church.

d. the role of women.

e. the Hundred Years’ War—starting.

f. the development of the trade: London.

g. the Black Death.

h. the Peasants’ Revolt—1381.

i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.

(7) The 15th century.

a. The Peasants Revolt (1453)

b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.

c. the printing-press—William Caxton.

d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy(1485)

2. The Overview of Literature.

(1) the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.

(2) Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur.

(3) Wace—Le Roman de Brut.

(4) The romance.

(5) the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer.

II. Sir Gawin and Green Knight.

1. a general introduction.

2. the plot.

III. William Langland.

1. Life

2. Piers the Plowman

IV. Chaucer

1. Life

2. Literary Career: three periods

(1) French period

(2) Italian period

(3) master period

3. The Canterbury Tales

A. The Framework;

B. The General Prologue;

C. The Tale Proper.

4. His Contribution.

(1) He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.

(2) He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.

(3) The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.

V. Popular Ballads.

VI. Thomas Malory and English Prose

VII. The beginning of English Drama.

1. Miracle Plays.

Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.

2. Morality Plays.

A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.

3. Interlude.

The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.

Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance

I. A Historical Background

II. The Overview of the Literature (1485-1660)

Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.

Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.

Literary style-modeled on the ancients.

The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.

1. poetry

The first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.

The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.

The third tendency by Johnson: reaction--Classically pure and restrained style.

The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.

2. Drama

a. the native tradition and classical examples.

b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare – Jonson.

3. Prose

a. translation of Bible;

b. More;

c. Bacon.

II. English poetry.

1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard (courtly makers)

(1) Wyatt: introducing sonnets.

(2) Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.

2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer

(1) Life:

a. English gentleman;

b. brilliant and fascinating personality;

c. courtier.

(2) works

a. Arcadia: pastoral romance;

b. Astrophel and Stella (108): sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.

Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.

c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.

3. Edmund Spenser

(1) life: Cambridge - Sidney’s friend - “Areopagus” – Ireland - Westminster Abbey.

(2) works

a. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.

b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequence

c. Faerie Queene:

The general end--A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.

12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.

Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory (symbolic meaning)

Many allusions to classical writers.

Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.

(3) Spenserian Stanza.

III. English Prose

1. Thomas More

(1) Life: “Renaissance man ”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of arts

a. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;

b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;

c. Lord Chancellor;

d. beheaded.

(2) Utopia: the first English science fiction.

Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.

A philosophical mariner (Raphael Hythloday) tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.

a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.

b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.

c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.

d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.

e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.

f. the Utopia

(3) the significance.

a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.

b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.

2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman

(1) life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor – bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.

(2) philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.

(3) “Essays
”: 57.

a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.

b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. (arguments)

IV. English Drama

1. A general survey.

(1) Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.

(2) two influences.

a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;

b. native or popular drama.

(3) the University Wits.

2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.

(1) Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.

(2) Major works

a. Tamburlaine;

b. The Jew of Malta;

c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.

(3) The significance of his plays.

V. William Shakespeare

1. Life

(1) 1564, Stratford-on-Avon;

(2) Grammar School;

(3) Queen visit to Castle;

(4) marriage to Anne Hathaway;

(5) London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;

(6) the 1st Folio, Quarto;

(7) Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.

2. Dramatic career

3. Major plays-men-centered.

(1) Romeo and Juliet--tragic love and fate

(2) The Merchant of Venice.

Good over evil.

Anti-Semitism.

(3) Henry IV.

National unity.

Falstaff.

(4) Julius Caesar

Republicanism vs. dictatorship.

(5) Hamlet

Revenge

Good/evil.

(6) Othello

Diabolic character

jealousy

gap between appearance and reality.

(7) King Lear

Filial ingratitude

(8) Macbeth

Ambition vs. fate.

(9) Antony and Cleopatra.

Passion vs. reason

(10) The Tempest

Reconciliation; reality and illusion.

3. Non-dramatic poetry

(1) Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.

(2) Sonnets:

a. theme: fair, true, kind.

b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.

c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.

d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.

VI. Ben Jonson

1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” (Sons of Ben)

2.contribution:

(1) the idea of “humour ”.

(2) an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.

3. Major plays

(1) Everyone in His Humour—
”humour”; three unities.

(2) Volpone the Fox

Chapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century

I. A Historical Background

II. The Overview of the Literature (1640-1688)

1. The revolution period

(1) The metaphysical poets;

(2) The Cavalier poets.

(3) Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction

2. The restoration period.

(1) The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. (school of Ben Jonson)

(2) The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1662) were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.

(3) The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.

(4) The restoration drama.

(5) The Age of Dryden.

III. John Milton

1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.

2. Literary career.

(1) The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso (1632) are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.

(2) The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.

(3) The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.

3. Major Works

(1) Paradise Lost

a. the plot.

b. characters.

c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.

(2) Paradise Regained.

(3) Samson Agonistes.

4. Features of Milton’s works.

(1) Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.

(2) Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.

(3) Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.

(4) Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.

IV. John Bunyan

1. life:

(1) puritan age;

(2) poor family;

(3) parliamentary army;

(4) Baptist society, preacher;

(5) prison, writing the book.

2. The Pilgrim Progress

(1) The allegory in dream form.

(2) the plot.

(3) the theme.

V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.

1. Metaphysical Poets

The term “metaphysical poetry ” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.

2. Cavalier Poets

The other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons
” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan’s.

VI. John Dryden.

1. Life:

(1) the representative of classicism in the Restoration.

(2) poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.

(3) changeable in attitude.

(4) Literary career—four decades.

(5) Poet Laureate

2. His influences.

(1) He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.

(2) He developed a direct and concise prose style.

(3) He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.

Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century

I. Introduction

1. The Historical Background.

2. The literary overview.

(1) The Enlightenment.

(2) The rise of English novels.

When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.

(3) Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.

(4) Satiric literature.

(5) Sentimentalism

II. Neo-classicism. (a general description)

1. Alexander Pope

(1) Life:

a. Catholic family;

b. ill health;

c. taught himself by reading and translating;

d. friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.

(2) three groups of poems:

e. An Essay on Criticism (manifesto of neo-classicism);

f. The Rape of Lock;

g. Translation of two epics.

(3) His contribution:

h. the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;

i. satire.

(4) weakness: lack of imagination.

2. Addison and Steele

(1) Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.

(2) Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” (with Steele, 1711)

(3) Spectator Club.

(4) The significance of their essays.

a. Their writings in “The Tatler ”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.

b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.

c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.

3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.

(1) Life:

a. studies at Oxford;

b. made a living by writing and translating;

c. the great cham of literature.

(2) works: poem (The Vanity of Human Wishes, London); criticism (The Lives of great Poets); preface.

(3) The champion of neoclassical ideas.

III. Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.

1. Life:

(1) born in Ireland;

(2) studies at Trinity College;

(3) worked as a secretary;

(4) the chief editor of The Examiner;

(5) the Dean of St. Patrick’s in Dublin.

2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver’s Travels.

3. Gulliver’s Travels.

Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.

Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.

Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.

Part IV. Satire—mankind.

IV. English Novels of Realistic tradition.

1. The Rise of novels.

(1) Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances – fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. (imaginative narrative)

(2) The rise of the novel

a. picaresque novel in Spain and England (16th century): Of or relating to a genre of prose fic

初一学生暑假英语日记

　日记也可以写以前的事，如果单篇幅的.日记 ，或是当天无事可写
，或是以前发生的事未及时去写，都可以在以后的时间里 ，经过回忆思考再写下来
。下面是我为您整理的初一学生暑假英语日记，希望为您排忧解难。

　初一学生暑假英语日记1

　As the saying goes, "father's love is like mountains, and mother's love is like water."". But I think, fatherly love is like a chocolate, bitter sweet, sweet bitter.

　In the summer of three, Dad announced, "practice a page of English every day."." I listened, thinking: "summer work plus a page of English, too simple."! The second day, summer vacation. I finished my summer homework, and I took one page of English without difficulty. In the evening, my father said: "no, the handwriting is too . Must be straight, or else double." I had to copy it again.

　Day after day, I find it increasingly boring to copy english. One day I copied it and thought, "really, why should I be asked to copy such dull English?" Review? Just read it, and you don't have to copy it. I thought, my hands relaxed. As a result, the words of that day were written like worms. "Why is it written like this?" Write one more page!" Dad said, put the book in front of me a share, and left. My tears fell on the "pit", a book. I am very dissatisfied with my heart: why should I be so fierce? It's just that it's hard to write. But to think of it, I wrote a page again. Dad nodded with satisfaction and said, "look, these words are beautifully written."." I nodded and said, "well..." My tears faded away.

　In the twinkling of an eye opening. Unexpectedly, she said that the first time I give MISS the copy number of the king, "your English word how to write so good?" It was then that I realized that dad didn't want to increase my homework, but wanted to make my writing better by copying it!

　Fatherly love is like a chocolate, slowly melts in my heart, makes me memorable.

　初一学生暑假英语日记2

　The morning of the study most of the time from the beginning of the 9, reading English articles accumulate good sentence, this is part of a summer job, next is the first tutorial learning geography, reading, doing mostly blank synchronous exercises, Cong do attentively, enter the state will take some time, especially easily distracted, a lot of small movements, pencil, play the play it, it is really a lot, want long time efficient, really not easy. I write notes and tutorial sharing six days morning time, certainly not the whole morning, but time-consuming enough, I have the test of synchronous blank period, I said more than 95 points even if pass, more than 95 points, with a little Cong, writing drag, knowledge is a master progress, I asked what is the biggest harvest Cong? Cong said before the study is not solid, really not solid! I also benefited a lot, I finally began to be forced to use geographic knowledge, or I was laughed at. Writing continue to progress, overall progress, not every word used alone is pondering, words can take place, the size is appropriate, not the kind of look for the reel right and left, and depends on the attitude, do not depend on the ability, but every word written in place is in need of long-term practice, practice, practice the horizontal and vertical structure basic. Quick to write quickly, it does not look good, I say you first slow down, after writing, and then speed up. The school summer homework to continue, I only require good writing, good attitude, not the removal of individual Chinese title, the title does not rest, of course, the answer is already required by the teacher tore down, I said to write summer homework right when writing, some large, you need from slow to fast speed.

　初一学生暑假英语日记3

　Time flies, a summer vacation will soon be over. This summer, I learn chess, English, table tennis, I feel these three have made great progress, and occasionally relax, with my father and mother go out to play.

　During the summer vacation, I played with my father in the sea world, and knew many sea animals and plants. My mother and I went to small sesame farm fun, learned to fish, but also caught three big fish, so happy to now did not forget. There is a family to Wenling seaside bucket Ao play, swim for a few hours to come back, play happy, but the sequelae are great, the sun all over the sun, black, still on the body peeling. The focus of the holiday is homework. At the beginning of the holiday, I made a plan for myself, studying and playing two. Do every day lesson teach you to read "Dou Guimei" class 2, "new space" in summer 2 pages every day practicing 1, 10 days to write 1 essays. Math homework is done in the evening. This holiday I watched a lot of TV about the Olympics, knew a lot of events and met many sports stars, such as Yao Ming, Guo Jingjing, Wang Hao and Ma Lin...... My biggest achievement is that my mother forced me to recite 50 Song Ci poems and sometimes recite a few of them. I also read a lot of books, as long as there is time, the book will be in my hand. The vacation life now feel full and short time.

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